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''Transandinomys talamancae'' is a rodent in the genus ''Transandinomys'' that occurs from Costa Rica to southwestern Ecuador and northern Venezuela. Its habitat consists of lowland forests up to 1525 m (5000 ft) above sea level. With a body mass of 38 to 74 g (1.3 to 2.6 oz), it is a medium-sized rice rat. The fur is soft and is reddish to brownish on the upperparts and white to buff on the underparts. The tail is dark brown above and lighter below and the ears and feet are long. The vibrissae (whiskers) are very long. In the skull, the rostrum (front part) is long and the braincase is low. The number of chromosomes varies from 34 to 54. The species was first described in 1891 by Joel Asaph Allen and thereafter a variety of names, now considered synonyms, were applied to local populations. It was lumped into a widespread species "''Oryzomys capito''" (now ''Hylaeamys megacephalus'') from the 1960s till the 1980s and the current allocation of synonyms dates only from 1998. It was placed in the genus ''Oryzomys'' until 2006, as ''Oryzomys talamancae'', but is not closely related to the type species of that genus and was therefore moved to a separate genus ''Transandinomys'' in 2006. It shares this genus with ''Transandinomys bolivaris'', which has even longer vibrissae; the two overlap broadly in distribution and are morphologically similar. Active during the night, ''Transandinomys talamancae'' lives on the ground and eats plants and insects. Males move more and have larger home ranges than females. It breeds throughout the year, but few individuals survive for more than a year. After a gestation period of about 28 days, two to five young are born, which reach sexual maturity within two months. A variety of parasites occur on this species. Widespread and common, it is of no conservation concern. ==Taxonomy== In 1891, Joel Asaph Allen was the first to scientifically describe ''Transandinomys talamancae'', when he named ''Oryzomys talamancae'' from a specimen from Talamanca, Costa Rica. He placed it in the genus ''Oryzomys'', then more broadly defined than it is now, and compared it to both the marsh rice rat (''O. palustris'') and to ''O. laticeps''.〔Allen, 1891, pp. 193–194〕 Several other names that are now recognized as synonyms of ''Transandinomys talamancae'' were introduced in the following years. In 1899, Allen described ''Oryzomys mollipilosus'', ''O. magdalenae'', and ''O. villosus'' from Magdalena Department, Colombia.〔Allen, 1899, pp. 208–210; Musser et al., 1998, pp. 273–274〕 Oldfield Thomas added ''O. sylvaticus'' from Santa Rosa, Ecuador in 1900〔Thomas, 1900, pp. 272–273〕 and ''O. panamensis'' from Panama City, Panama, in 1901.〔Thomas, 1901, pp. 252–253〕 In the same year, Wirt Robinson and Markus Lyon named ''Oryzomys medius'' from near La Guaira, Venezuela.〔Robinson and Lyon, 1901, pp. 142–143〕 Allen added ''O. carrikeri'' from Talamanca, Costa Rica, in 1908.〔Allen, 1908, pp. 656–657〕 Edward Alphonso Goldman revised North American ''Oryzomys'' in 1918. He placed both ''panamensis'' and ''carrikeri'' as synonyms of ''Oryzomys talamancae'' and mentioned ''O. mollipilosus'' and ''O. medius'' as closely related species. ''O. talamancae'' was the only member of its own species group, which Goldman regarded as closest to ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' (=''Transandinomys bolivaris'').〔Goldman, 1918, pp. 71–74〕 In 1960, Philip Hershkovitz listed ''talamancae'', ''medius'', ''magdalenae'', ''sylvaticus'', and ''mollipilosus'' among the many synonyms of "''Oryzomys laticeps''", a name later replaced by "''Oryzomys capito''".〔Hershkovitz, 1960, p. 544; Musser et al., 1998, p. 179〕 The species remained lumped under ''Oryzomys capito'' until 1983, when Alfred Gardner again listed it as a valid species, an action more fully documented by Guy Musser and Marina Williams in 1985.〔Musser and Williams, 1985, p. 9〕 Musser and Williams also found that the holotype of ''Oryzomys villosus'', the affinities of which had been disputed, in fact consisted of a skin of ''O. talamancae'' and a skull of the ''Oryzomys albigularis'' group (equivalent to the current genus ''Nephelomys''). They restricted the name to the skin, making ''villosus'' a synonym of ''O. talamancae''.〔Musser and Williams, 1985, p. 7〕 They also examined the holotypes of ''panamensis'', ''carrikeri'', ''mollipilosus'', ''medius'', and ''magdalenae'' and identified them as examples of ''Oryzomys talamancae''. Additionally, they included ''sylvaticus'' and ''Oryzomys castaneus'' J.A. Allen, 1901, from Ecuador as synonyms, but without examining the holotypes.〔Musser and Williams, 1985, pp. 13–14〕 Musser and colleagues reviewed the group again in 1998 and confirmed that ''sylvaticus'' represents ''Oryzomys talamancae''; however, they found that ''castaneus'' was in fact an example of ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' (the current ''Transandinomys bolivaris'').〔Musser et al., 1998, pp. 275–276〕 In 2006, Marcelo Weksler published a phylogenetic analysis of Oryzomyini ("rice rats"), the tribe to which ''Oryzomys'' is allocated, using morphological data and DNA sequences from the IRBP gene. His results showed species of ''Oryzomys'' dispersed across Oryzomyini and suggested that most species in the genus should be allocated to new genera.〔Weksler, 2006, pp. 75–77〕 ''Oryzomys talamancae'' was also included; it appeared within "clade B", together with other species formerly associated with ''Oryzomys capito''. Some analyses placed it closest to species now placed in ''Euryoryzomys'' or ''Nephelomys'', but with low support.〔Weksler, 2006, figs. 34–39〕 Later in the same year, he, together with Alexandre Percequillo and Robert Voss, named ten new genera for species previously placed in ''Oryzomys'', including ''Transandinomys'', which has ''Oryzomys talamancae'' (now ''Transandinomys talamancae'') as its type species.〔 They also included ''Oryzomys bolivaris'', which was not included in Weksler's phylogenetic study, in this new genus. The two species are morphologically similar, but Weksler and colleagues could identify only one synapomorphy (shared-derived trait) for them: very long superciliary vibrissae (vibrissae, or whiskers, above the eyes).〔Weksler et al., 2006, p. 26〕 ''Transandinomys'' is one of about 30 genera in Oryzomyini, a diverse assemblage of American rodents of over a hundred species,〔Weksler, 2006, p. 3〕 and on higher taxonomic levels in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of family Cricetidae, along with hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005〕 Several common names have been proposed for ''Transandinomys talamancae'', including "Talamanca Rice Rat",〔Goldman, 1918, p. 73〕 "Transandean Oryzomys",〔 and "Talamancan Rice Rat".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transandinomys talamancae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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